Contents
Win$ 1.3 Help

The financial calculator Win$ version 1.3 offers you a wide range of financial and statistical capabilities.

General Information

About Win$ 1.3

Features

Notation used in this Help

Controlling Win$

Display

Buttons and Keys

Modified System Menu

Entering Calculations

Calculations

Basic Operations

Finance Calculations

Statistics Calculations

Miscellaneous information

Using Clipboard

Error Conditions

File WIN$.INI


About Win$

Win$ is a program allowing you to perform various financial, statistical, arithmetic, and algebraic computations.

It requires Microsoft® WindowsTM  operating system version 3.0 or later.

Mathematical co-processor and mouse are recommended, but not required.

See also:

Features


Notation
Notation Used in this Help

When describing how to use the keystrokes to control Win$, the following notation is used:

Sign	Meaning

+	The keys should be pressed simultaneously in the order shown. For example: CTRL+A means that you need to press CTRL key and then, holding it down, press A. After that you can release both keys in any order.

|	The keys should be pressed consequently in the order shown. For example, Alt | Enter means that first, you should press Alt key, release it, and then press and release Enter.

,	You can use any of the keys or key combinations with the same result.


Display

The display shows entries and results with a maximum of fifteen significant digits.

There are two formats for presenting numbers: fixed-decimal and floating-decimal.

To alternate between fixed-decimal and floating-decimal notation:

Click 	 	button,

or

Press	CTRL+0  keys.

After you select a display format, all results are displayed in this format until you select another.

In fixed-decimal notation, results are displayed with up to two decimal places. If a result has more than two decimal places, the displayed result is rounded. If a result has less than two decimal places, trailing zeros are not inserted.

Note: Results with absolute value less than 0.005 are displayed in floating decimal format even though fixed-decimal format is still selected.

In floating-decimal notation, results are displayed with up to 15 significant digits.

See also:

Modified System Menu


Modified System Menu

Like other Windows programs, Win$ has a System Menu. You can get access to the options of the menu either by clicking the System Menu Box,  [image] , located on the left side of the title bar of the Win$ program window, or by pressing keys Alt | Enter provided that the window of the Win$ program is the active one (to make any window on your screen active just click somewhere within its area).

Unlike many other Windows programs, the System Menu of the Win$ program has no Size and Maximize options (since the size of its window is fixed).

Besides, the Win$'s System Menu contains a number of additional options, specific to this program:

Option	Command	Comments
Edit	Copy	Copies the displayed number into the Clipboard.
	Paste	Inserts the number (if any) from the Clipboard into the display.
Options	Always On Top	When checked, makes the window or icon of Win$ be always visible. Choosing this option is the only way to get into this mode.
	Fixed Decimal	When checked, sets the fixed-decimal mode of the displaying numbers. When unchecked, sets the floating-decimal mode. Choosing this options has the same effect as clicking the  [image]  button.
	Allow Multiple Solutions	Sometimes a financial problem has more than one possible solution. When this option is checked, Win$ prompts the user to choose from a set of the solutions (if any). Otherwise, an Error condition is generated.
	Register Is Clipboard	When checked, sets the Register-Is-Clipboard mode on, i.e. internal register of Win$ becomes indistinguishable on the Clipboard.When unchecked, sets the internal register as an independent unit, unaccessible outside Win$.
Help	Contents	Activates the Win$ Help (that you are looking at right now!).
	About	Activates the Win$ animated logo. If you like, you can continue your calculations with Win$ not closing the logo (move it to some other place on your screen dragging its title bar with mouse and then click anywhere in the original Win$ window. Enjoy!)


Features

Preprogrammed Win$ functions assist you in performing a wide range of financial, statistical, arithmetic, and algebraic computations.

A 15-digit display lets you work with large or small numbers in the fixed-decimal or the floating-decimal format.

Win$ stores all its settings as well as financial and statistical registers on a disk when the program is closed so that it is restored in its previous state when you are running Win$ again.

Always-On-Top option allows you to more easily use Win$ with other applications: you will be able to always see Win$ on your screen, even when the program is minimized.

Register-Is-Clipboard option allows you to communicate with the Clipboard with simple, single-button operations so you can easily exchange information between Win$ and other Windows applications.

You can use the mouse to click Win$ buttons or press the corresponding keys on your keyboard.


Buttons and Keys

You can perform calculations using either mouse (clicking the buttons on the Win$ panel) or keyboard (pressing corresponding keys). The following topics describe the meanings of the Win$ buttons and keys:

Arithmetic and algebraic buttons

Finance Buttons

Statistics Buttons


Arithmetic and algebraic buttons

The following buttons and keys are designed to enter numbers and perform simple arithmetic and algebraic operations:

Button(s)	Key(s)	Function
	C,Esc,Space	clears the display
	Backspace	removes the last digit of the number in the display
. . .	0...9	enter digits in the display
	.	enters a decimal point
	SHIFT+_	changes the sign of the number in the display
	+   -   *   /	performs the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
	=	completes any operation and displays the result
	%	percent button
	O	calculates the reciprocal of the displayed number
	Y	universal power and root button
	S	calculates the square root of the displayed number
	D	percent change button
	L	calculates the natural logarithm (base e) of the number in the display
	E	calculates the natural antilogarithm (base e) of the number in the display
	@	calculates the square of the number in the display
	!	calculates the factorial of the number in the display


Entering Calculations

You can use the mouse to click buttons or press the corresponding keys on the keyboard.

To enter a calculation

Enter the first number in the calculation.

Choose the operator, i.e. click the corresponding button or press the equivalent key .

Enter the next number in the calculation.

If you make a mistake, click the  [image]  button (or press Backspace key) to delete incorrect digit(s).

Or click the [image] button (or press Esc, Space or C key) to clear the entire number.

Enter any remaining numbers and operators.

Click the  [image] button or press ENTER or  =  (equal sign) key.

If you make a mistake, click the  [image]  button (or press Esc or C key) to clear the entire calculation.


Basic Operations

Simple Calculations

Memory Operations

Percentage Calculations

Reciprocals, Powers, and Roots

Logarithm, Exponential, and Factorial Functions


Simple Calculations

Arithmetic equations are entered just as they would be written on paper.  Calculations are performed in the order they are entered.

For example, if you enter the expression 10 + 3 * 2, and click the  [image]  button ( or press  =  key),  the result is 26, i.e. Win$ evaluates the expression in the order entered, i.e., as (10 + 3) * 2, not 10 + (3 * 2).


Percentage Calculations

Simple percentage calculations

The [image] button allows you to perform calculations involving percentages, such as add-ons and discounts.

In the chart below, the "principal amount" is the number in the display immediately after you click  [image], [image], [image], or  [image]  buttons.

Operation	Key Sequence	Function
Percentage	n	Calculates n% of principal amount
Add-On	n	Adds n% to principal amount
Discount	n	Subtracts n% from principal amount
Percentage Ratio	n	Divides principal amount by n%

Percent Change Calculations

The  [image]  button allows you to calculate the percentage change between two values.

First, enter the new value and click  [image]  button (or press D key).

Then, enter the old value and click  [image]  button (or press the = key).

If the result is positive, there is a percentage increase. Otherwise, there is a percentage decrease.

See also:

Percentage Calculations Example


Percentage Calculations Example

What is 3.5% of 14?

Enter/Click	Result
14 [image] 3.5	0.49

What is the total cost of a $15.95 item with a 6% sales tax?

Enter/Click	Result
15.95 [image] 6	16.91

If a $70 item is discounted 20%, how much does it cost?

Enter/Click	Result
70 [image] 20	56

What is the percentage increase from $35.95 to $45.95?

Enter/Click	Result
45.95 [image] 35.95	27.82


Reciprocals, Powers, and Roots

The  [image], [image], and [image]  buttons allow you to calculate the reciprocal, square, and square root of the displayed number. These are immediate functions that operate only on the displayed number.

The [image]  button allows you to raise any positive number to any power (within the range of the calculator):

First, enter the number (y) you want to raise to a power, and then click [image]  button (or press Y key)

 Then enter the power (x) and click  [image]  button.

To calculate any root of any positive number (in the range of the calculator) you can use the following key sequence:

First, enter the number (y) you want to raise to a power, and then click [image]  button (or press Y key).

Then enter the root (x).

Click the  [image]  button (or press O key ).

Finally, click the  [image]  button.


Logarithm, Exponential, and Factorial Functions

The  [image],  [image],  and  [image]  allow you to calculate natural logarithms, antilogarithms, and factorial of the displayed number, accordingly. These are immediate functions that operate only on the displayed number.

By definition, 0! = 1.

See also:

Error Conditions


Financial Calculations
Finance Calculations

Finance Buttons

Finance Registers

Compound Interest Calculations

Annuity Calculations

Interest Rate Conversions

Amortization Calculations

See Also:

Error Conditions


Finance Buttons

The following buttons allow you to perform various financial calculations and operations with financial registers.

Button	Key	Function
	CTRL+F	clears the financial registers
	R	recalls a value from a financial register
	T	computes the unknown value for compound interest problems and ordinary annuities
	U	computes the unknown value for annuities due
	CTRL+ right arrow	converts annual percentage rates to annual effective rates
	CTRL+ left arrow	converts annual effective rates to annual percentage rates
	B	calculates the balance after a given payment in an annuity
	J	calculates the interest portion for a given payment in an annuity


Finance Registers

There are five specialized internal registers designed to held the financial data. Each of the registers has an associated button on the Win$ panel:

Button	Key	Data
	N	number of payments or periods
	I	periodic interest rate
	M	payment amount for annuity calculations
	P	present value
	F	future value
To clear all the financial registers, click the  [image]  button or press CTRL+F key.

To enter a financial value in a register, enter the value and then click button or press key corresponding to the value.

To recall a financial value stored in a financial register, click the [image] button (or press R key) and the click button or press key corresponding to the desired register.

See also:

Compound Interest Calculations

Annuity Calculations

Error Conditions


Compound Interest Calculations Example

Suppose you invest $20,000 in a project that earns an annual interest rate of 9% compounded quarterly. If you allow the interest to compound, what is the value of the investment at the end of three years?

Enter/Click	Display	Comments
	0	Clear the financial registers
3 [image] 4	12	compounding periods
9 [image] 4	2.25	periodic rate
20000	20000	the present value
	26121	calculated future value


Compound Interest
Compound Interest Calculations

In compound interest calculations, interest is earned on the amount invested and on the interest that is earned and not withdrawn.

Note: For compound interest calculations, the payment (PMT) must be zero. If the Ann indicator is displayed, enter a zero as payment to turn off the indicator.

The following buttons are used in compound interest calculations:

Button	Key	Data
	N	the total number of compounding periods
	I	the percent interest rate per compounding period
	P	the present value
	F	the future value

To perform a compound interest calculation:

Enter three of the values shown above (and enter a zero as payment if Ann indicator is displayed)

Click the  [image]  button (or press T key) and then choose the button for the unknown value.

See also:

Compound Interest Calculations Example


An annuity is a series of consecutive equal payments occurring for N equal time periods, with interest calculated at the end of each period.


Annuity Calculations Example

Suppose you have $8,500 in a savings account.  You have just received a raise and are able to make monthly deposits of $450 into this account.  How long will it be before you have $15,000 if your account earns 7.5% interest compounded monthly?

Enter/Click	Display	Comments
	0	Clear the financial registers
8500	8500	the beginning amount
450	450	monthly deposit
7.5	7.5	interest rate per compound period
15000	15000	the future value
	17.71	the calculated number of months

The result is 17.71 months, i.e. after 17 months the amount would be somewhat less

than the desired $15,000 and after 18 months it would be somewhat more.

To calculate the actual amount in the account after 18 months:

Enter/Click	Display	Comments
18	18	the number of  periods
	15189.51	the calculated future value after 18 months


Annuity Calculations

The following buttons are used in annuity calculations:

Button	Key	Data
	N	The total number of payment periods
	I	The percent interest rate per payment period
	M	The amount of the regular payment
	P	The present value of a series of payments plus the value of FV
	F	The future value of a series of payments plus the value of PV

To perform an annuity calculation:

Enter four of the values shown above.

for most investment and loan calculations, enter payment as a positive value

for savings calculations with periodic deposits, enter payment as a negative value

For ordinary annuities (end-of-period payments), click the  [image]  button (or press T key) and then choose the button for the unknown value.

For annuities due (beginning-of-period payments), click the  [image]  button (or press U key) and then choose the button for the unknown value.

Note:	If a problem has more than one possible solution, Win$ will prompt you to choose one of them (if the option Allow Multiple Solutions is set on) or generate the Error condition (if the option Allow Multiple Solutions is set off).

See also:

Annuity Calculations Example


The annual percentage rate (APR) is the interest rate per compounding period multiplied by the number of compounding periods per year.


The annual effective rate (EFF) is the compound annual interest rate that one actually earns for the period of time stated.


Interest Rate Conversions Example

What is the Annual Effective Rate (EFF) of a certificate that pays an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) 14% with monthly compounding?

Enter/Click	Result
12 [image] 14	14.93

An investment earns an Annual Effective Rate (EFF) 15%. What is the equivalent Annual Percentage Rate (APR) with weekly compounding?

Enter/Click	Result
52 [image] 15	13.99


Interest Rate Conversions

To convert an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) to an Annual Effective Rate (EFF):

Enter the number of compounding periods per year for the APR and click the  [image] button (or press CTRL+right arrow keys)

Enter the APR and choose the  [image] button to calculate EFF.

To convert an Annual Effective Rate (EFF) to an Annual Percentage Rate (APR):

Enter the number of compounding periods per year for the APR and click the  [image] button (or press CTRL+left arrow keys)

Enter the EFF and choose the  [image] button to calculate APR.

See also:

Interest Rate Conversions Example


Amortization Calculations Example

Suppose you have purchased an automobile for $25,000 at 8.5% interest compounded monthly on a 6 year loan.  Find the amount you will have paid in interest and principal on the loan after 10 months.

Enter/Click	Display	Comments
	0	Clear the financial registers
6 [image] 12	72	the number of payments
8.5 [image] 12	0.71	periodic rate
25000	25000	loan amount
	444.46	monthly payment
10	159.55	the interest paid after 10 months
	159.55	store the interest in the internal register for future use
	284.91	The principal paid after 10 months
10	22239.38	The remaining balance after 10 months


Amortization Calculations

Interest portion calculations

To calculate the interest portion of a given payment in an annuity:

Enter the appropriate values for N, %i, PMT, PV, and FV into the finance registers.

Enter the payment number.

Compute the interest amount:

For ordinary annuities (end-of-period payments) click the  [image]  button (or press J key).

For annuities due (beginning-of-period payments), click the  [image]  [image]  buttons (or press U | J keys).

Balance calculations

To calculate the amount of principal that remains (the balance) after a given payment in an annuity:

Enter the appropriate values for N, %i, PMT, PV, and FV into the finance registers.

Enter the payment number.

Compute the balance:

For ordinary annuities (end-of-period payments) click the  [image]  button (or press B key).

For annuities due (beginning-of-period payments), click the  [image]  [image]  buttons (or press U | B keys).

See also:

Amortization Calculations Example


Statistics Calculations

Statistics Buttons

Statistical Registers

Entering Data

Mean Value

Standard Deviation

Variance

See Also:

Error Conditions

Statistics Calculations Example


Statistics Buttons

The following buttons allow you to perform various statistics calculations and operations with statistical registers.

Button	Key	Function
	CTRL+S	clears the statistical registers
	CTRL+ Enter	enters the displayed number as a data value into the statistical registers
	CTRL+ Backspace	removes the displayed number from the statistical registers
	CTRL+Q	enters or removes a specified number of identical data values at the same time
	CTRL+A	calculates the mean
	CTRL+N	calculates the "n weighted" population standard deviation
	CTRL+D	calculates the "n-1 weighted" sample standard deviation


Statistical Registers

Win$ contains a number of specialized internal registers designed to held statistical data. These registers are inaccessible directly, however you can use the following buttons to manipulate their contents:

Button	Key	Function
	CTRL+S	Clears all the statistical registers. Use this button before analyzing each new set of data
	CTRL+ Enter	Enters the displayed number as a data value into the statistical registers. Each time you choose this button the display shows the number of data values currently in the statistical registers.
	CTRL+ Backspace	Removes the displayed number from the statistical registers. The display then shows the number of data values currently in the statistical registers
	CTRL+Q	enters or removes a specified number of identical data values at the same time

See also:

Entering Statistical Data

Error Conditions


Entering Statistical Data

Before you start analyzing new set of data, click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+S keys) to clear the statistical registers.

For each number in the set being analyzed enter it as usual and click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+Enter keys).

If you need to remove one of the entered numbers from the set being analyzed, enter it as usual and then click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+Backspace keys).

If you need to enter or remove a number of the same numbers at the same time:

Enter the numerical value of the identical numbers.

Click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+Q keys) and enter the number of the identical entries.

Click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+Enter keys) to add the specified number of the identical entries to the data set being analyzed

or

Click the  [image]  button (or press CTRL+Backspace keys) to remove the specified number of the identical entries from the data set being analyzed

See also:

Statistics Calculations Example


Mean Value Calculation

To calculate the mean (average) value of a data set, enter all the data and click the [image]  button (or press CTRL+A keys).

See Also:

Statistics Calculations Example

Error Conditions


Standard Deviation and Variance Calculation

To calculate the standard deviation or the variance of the standard deviation:

Clear the statistical registers

Enter all the data to be analyzed

Choose the following button(s) or keys:

Button(s)	Keys	Function
	CTRL+N	calculates the "n weighted" population standard deviation
	CTRL+D	calculates the "n-1 weighted" sample standard deviation
	CTRL+N | @	calculates the variance of the population standard deviation
	CTRL+D | @	calculates the variance of the sample standard deviation

See Also:

Statistics Calculations Example

Error Conditions


Statistics Calculations Example

Analyze the following test scores:

98, 82, 85, 85, 75

assuming that the five students are the entire population.

Enter/Click	Display	Comments
	0	Clear
98	1	1st entry
82	2	2nd entry
85 [image]  2	4	3rd and 4th entries
65	5	5th entry (incorrect)
65	4	5th entry removed
75	5	5th entry (correct)
	85	Mean (class average)
	7.4565408	Standard deviation
	55.6000007	Variance


Using Clipboard

Win$ can supply calculated results to other applications and perform its functions with values supplied by other applications. The data exchange is performed through Clipboard.

You can also use the Clipboard to store and the restore intermediate results of calculations. An alternative way of doing this is the using of internal registers of the Win$.

The following operations can be used in any case, independently on the setting of the Register-Is-Clipboard mode.

To copy the value from the display onto the Clipboard:

From the System Menu, choose Edit | Copy

or

Press CTRL-C.

To paste a number from the Clipboard into Win$:

From the System Menu, choose Edit | Paste

or

Press CTRL-V.

Note:	If Clipboard contains data of a format other than text, Win$ does not perform the paste operation. If the data in Clipboard are in the text format, but do not represent a number, the result is 0.

Note:	when the mode Register-Is-Clipboard is set on, you can also use the operations with internal register of Win$ to directly manipulate the Clipboard contents.

See also:

  	Memory Operations


Memory Operations

Win$ contains an internal register to held an arbitrary number. You can use it to store and then restore when necessary intermediate results of the calculations.

When the Register-Is-Clipboard mode is set on, Win$ treats the register as indistinguishable on the Clipboard, so all the operations on the register contents are performed also on the contents of the Clipboard.

Otherwise, when the Register-Is-Clipboard mode is set off, Win$ treats the register as a separate unit. In this mode you can use the register and Clipboard independently.

There are also specialized finance and statistics registers used to held the financial and statistical data, accordingly. Though you can use them to store any numbers, it is not recommended, since these registers are used in financial and statistical calculations.

Four buttons are used in memory operations.

Note:	when the Register-Is-Clipboard mode is set on, the following operations alternate also the contents of Clipboard along with the internal register.

Button	Key	Function
	CTRL+M	Stores the displayed number in internal register, replacing its previous contents.
	CTRL+R	Displays (recalls) the number stored in internal register, without affecting its contents.
	CTRL+P	Adds the number in the display to the number in memory.
	CTRL+X	Exchanges the number in the display with the number in internal register.


Error Conditions

When an error condition occurs, Error appears in the display. You will need to click the  [image]  button (or press any of the C, Esc, Space keys) to continue working with Win$. You can change the amount of the information displayed when an error occurs changing the entry InfoLevel in the WIN$.INI file.

General Error Conditions:

dividing a number by zero

calculating a reciprocal of zero

calculating a log of  not a positive number

calculating a square root of a negative number

raising zero to the 0th power

calculating the 0th root of any number

calculating the factorial of a number that is not a positive number less than 70

calculating a percentage change when the old value is zero

Financial Error Conditions:

calculating a financial unknown before enough known variables are entered or when no solution exists.

entering number of payments N less than 1

computing the balance or interest for a payment number less than 1

converting an interest rate when N=0 or is very large, or when %i is small

computing %i less than -100%

calculating N when PMT is  less than  PV * %i

detecting that the problem has more than one possible solution

(only if the option Allow Multiple Solutions from the System Menu is checked on).

Statistical Error Conditions

removing a data value when there are no data values in the statistical registers

calculating standard deviation when there are no data values in the registers

calculating sample standard deviation with only one data value


File WIN$.INI

Win$ uses file WIN$.INI in your WINDOWS directory to keep necessary information between working sessions. This file is created automatically after the very first session.

You can modify the contents of the file using Notepad or almost any other text editor. The syntax rules for setting the entries in the file WIN$.INI are the same as for files win.ini and system.ini, supplied with operating system Windows.

Section [settings] of the WIN$.INI file contains information about settings of Win$.

The following entries of the section are recognized by the current version of Win$:

Name	Value	Meaning
InfoLevel	0	when an error occurs the text Error appears in the display only (default)
	1	some additional information about the error may be displayed. Direct modification of the file WIN$.INI is the only way to change this mode!
AlwaysOnTop	0/1	Alway-On-Top mode is set off/on. (default 0)
FixedDecimal	0/1	floating/fixed-decimal mode is set (default 0)
Allow Multiple  Solutions	0	When a problem has more than one possible solution, the Error situation is generated (default).
	1	When a problem has more than one possible solution, the user is prompted to choose one of them.
RegisterIsClipboard	0/1	Register-Is-Clipboard mode is set off/on (default 1)
There are also sections [finance] and [statistics] in the file WIN$.INI where the contents of the internal financial and statistical registers of Win$ is stored.